Novice and Expert

I recently came across Dreyfus model of skill acquisition where five stages of increasing skill are as follows

1. Novice

• Rigid adherence to taught rules or plans
• No exercise of “discretionary judgment

2. Advanced beginner

• Limited “situational perception
• All aspects of work treated separately with equal importance

3. Competent

• Coping with crowdedness” (multiple activities, accumulation of information
• Some perception of actions in relation to goals
• Deliberate planning
• Formulates routines

4. Proficient

• Holistic view of situation
• Prioritizes importance of aspects
• Perceives deviations from the normal pattern
• Employs maxims for guidance, with meanings that adapt to the situation at hand

5. Expert

• Transcends reliance on rules, guidelines, and maxims
• Intuitive grasp of situations based on deep, tacit understanding
• Has “vision of what is possible”
• Uses “analytical approaches” in new situations or in case of problems

According to this an expert transcends manuals, rules and guidelines and his works are based on tacit understanding and intuition.

So the experts do not follow the same manual they write

It did not escape my notice that yu need to be at least proficient to get the desired success.

Take care

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